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STATEMENTS OFTEN
MADE TO DISCREDIT EARLY TREATMENT PHILOSPHY
AND THE RESEARCH
REFERENCES THAT TEND TO SUPPORT
TREATMENT
PROCEDURES IN THE 5-7 YEAR OLD.
1. One cannot predict malocclusions at
such early ages.
A.) Crowding is
predictable from early ages
1. Sanin,
C., and Savara, B.S., Factors That Affect the
Alignment of the Mandibular Incisors: A Longitudinal
Study, Am. J. Ortho., 64: 248-249, 1973.
82% of straight incisors at 8 years
of age were straight at 14 , while 89% of crowded
incisors at 8 years were crowded at 14.
2. Heckman,
U., A Longitudinal Study of Dental Development in 82 Children from Birth to 12
Years of Age, Trans.Europ. Ortho. Soc., 49th Congr., 259-265, 1973. Crowding did not improve from 6 to 12
years of age.
3. Barrow,
G.V. and White, J.R., Developmental Changes of the Maxillary and Mandibular Dental Arches, Angle Orthod., 22:41-46, 1952.
If no spaces in deciduous dentition
- 69% had permanent crowding. 37% had increase in mandibular
crowding 6 to 14 years of age. 24% had increase in maxillary crowding 6 to 14
years of age.
4. Schwartz,
M. from Lewis, S.J. and Lehman, I.A., A Quantitative Study of the Relation
Between Certain Factors in the Development of the Dental Arch and the Occlusion
of the Teeth, Int. J. Orthod., Oral Surg. and Radiog., 18:1015-1037,
1932. Rotations of permanent incisors can be seen radiographically
at 2 years of age and won't usually erupt straight.
• The following 5
studies (#5-9) substantiate arch enlargement as a result of incisors erupting
without rotations or displacement.
5. Lewis,
S.J. and Lehman, I.A., A Quantitative Study of the Relation Betwen
Certain Factors in the Development of the Dental Arch and the Occlusion of the
Teeth, Int. J. Orthod., Oral Surg.
and Radiog., 18: 1015-1037, 1932. Eruption of lower permanent incisors have (38%) less arch
enlargement when these teeth erupt crowded as when they erupt straight.
6. Lewis,
S.J. and Lehman, I.A., Observations on Growth Changes of the Teeth and Dental
Arches, Dent. Cosmos, 71: 480-499, 1929. Incisal
crowded cases have 2.13 mm. canine-to-canine enlargement while uncrowded cases have 3.44 mm. expansion.
7. Korkhaus, G. and Neumann, F., Das
Kieferwachstum wahrend des Schneidezahnwechsels und die orthodontische
Fruhdehnung, Fortschr.
Ortho., 1:
32-62, 1931.
Deciduous incisors that have interproximal spacing have 20% less arch enlargement than
deciduous teeth without spaces.
8. Baume, L.J., Physiological Tooth Migration and its
Significance for the Development of Occlusion. I. The biogenetic course of the
deciduous dentition. II. The biogenesis of accessional dentition. III. The
biogenesis of the successional dentition. IV. The
biogenesis of overbite, J. Dent. Res., 29: 123-132, 331- 337, 338-348,
440-447, 1950.
If permanent incisor does not erupt
into arch, there is no increase in arch dimension. If lower incisors come
directly into arch without rotations, the arch dimension can be increased as
much as 5 mm. (upper, 2 6.5 mm.). Mean enlargement was 2.3 mm. Spaced deciduous
incisors result in 10% less arch enlargement as the permanent incisors erupt
than deciduous incisors without spaces. 3
9. Lewis,
S.J., Some Aspects of Dental Arch Growth, J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 23:
277-294, 1936. In a case with a missing lower permanent lateral, there was no
change in deciduous arch size, while upper arch in same case with all incisors
present had normal upper arch enlargement.
• Crowded adult
dentitions have narrower arches (lower canine-to-canine is 3 mm. smaller) than well-aligned
arches (tooth sizes being the same), (#10-#12). This supports premise that when
teeth erupt rotated they develop narrower arches and conversely.
10. Mills,
L.F., Arch Width, Arch Length and Tooth Size in Young Adult Males, Angle Ortho., 34: 124-129,
1964
11. Howes, A.E., Arch Width in the Premolar Region - Still the
Major Problem in Orthodontics, Am. J. Ortho., 43: 5-31, 1957.
12. Howe,
R.P., McNamara, J.A., Jr. and O'Connor, K.A., An
Examination of Dental Crowding and its Relationship to Tooth Size and Arch
Dimension, Am. J. Ortho., 83: 363-373, 1983.
• The prediction of
crowding and spacing between the deciduous and permanent dentitions (#13 - 18)
13.
Leighton, B.C., 1969. Crowded deciduous incisors 100% chance of permanent incisal crowding No spaces deciduous incisors 67% chance of
permanent incisal crowding Less than 3 mm. spaces
deciduous incisors 50% chance of permanent incisal
crowding 3 - 6 mm. spaces deciduous incisors 20% chance of permanent incisal crowding Over 6 mm. spaces deciduous incisors 0%
chance of permanent incisal crowding
14. Barrow,
G.V. and White, J.R., 22:41 - 46, 1952. If no spaces of deciduous lower
incisors - 69% got crowding of permanent incisors.
15. Neumann,
D., Weitere Untersuchungen uber die Gibissentwicklung an Hand
von Reihenuntersuchungen bei
Kindern in 10 Lebensjahr, Deutsch
Zahn.-Mund-und Kieferhelk,
22: 157-165, 1955. If no spaces between deciduous upper incisors - 77.8% got
crowding of permanent incisors.
16. Baume, L.J., 1950. If no spaces between lower deciduous
incisors - 43% got crowding of permanent incisors.
17. Sillman, J.H., Clinical Considerations of Occlusion, Am.
J. Ortho., 42: 658-682, 1956. 75% of poor occlusions in permanent dentitions
had poor deciduous dentitions. 89% of good occlusions in permanent dentitions
had good deciduous dentitions.
18. Moorrees, C.F.A., The dentition of the growing child, Harvard
University Press,
• Studies
Substantiating Arch Enlargement as a Result of Incisors Erupting without
Rotations (#19 - #23):
19. Korkhaus, G. and Neumann, F., 1931.
20. Baume, L.J., 1950.
21. Howes, A.E., 1957.
22. Mills,
L.F., 1964.
23. Howe,
R.P., McNamara, Jr., J.A., and O'Connor, K.A., 1983. 4
• Deciduous Crowding
Incidence (#24 - 26):
24. 10.6% Seipel, C.M., Variation in Tooth Position, Svensk Tandlakare-Tidschr.,
Vol. 39, Suppl., 1946.
25. 14.0%
Barrow, G.V. and White, J.R. 1952.
26. 3.7%
Heckman, U., 1973.
• Permanent Crowding
Incidence (#27 - 32):
27. 67% Sodermans, H., Uber den Ablauf der Gebissentwicklung
bei Kompressionsanomalien, Deutsche
Zahn-Mund. und Kieferheilk., 6: 194-206, 422-439, 1939.
28. 61% Seipel, C.M. 1946.
29. 51%
Barrow, G.V., and White, J.R., 1952.
30. 75.8% Cryer, B.S., Lower Arch Changes During
the Early Teens, Trans. Europ. Orthod. Soc., 41st Congr.,
87-99, 1965.
31. 79.6%
Haynes, S., The Prevalence of Malocclusion in English Children Aged 11 - 12
years, Trans Europ. Ortho.
Soc., 46th Congr., 89-98, 1970.
32. 28.0%
Heckman, U., 1973.
• Arch Enlargement During Incisor Eruption - Lower Arch Increases During the
Eruption of Lower Permanent Incisors (#33 - #37):
33. Lewis,
S.J. and Lehman, I.A., 1929 N=31 3.06 mm.
34. Korkhaus, G. and Neumann, F., 1931 N=18 2.62 mm.
35. Baume, L.J., 1950 N=33 2.60 mm.
36. Speck,
N.T. A Longitudinal Study of Developmental N=53 5.00 mm. Changes in Human Lower
Dental Arches, Angle Orthod., 20: 215-225,
1950.
37. Moorrees, C.F.A., 1959 N=87-107 2.75 mm. mean 3.21 mm.
• Upper Arch Increases
During the Eruption of Upper Permanent Incisors (#38 -
42):
38. Lewis,
S.J. and Lehman, I.A., 1929 N=30 5.04 mm.
39. Korkhaus, G. and Neumann, F., 1931 N=14 4.44 mm.
41. Baume, L.J. 1950 N=33 2.76 mm.
42. Moorrees, C.F.A., 1959 N=87-117 2.57 mm. mean 3.70 mm.
• Sequence of
enlargement as eruption occurs.
43. Moorrees, C.F.A., 1959 Mandible 47.5% (1.64 mm.) of the
arch enlargement occurs as centrals erupt 37% (1.28 mm.) of the arch
enlargement occurs as laterals erupt
15% (0.52 mm.) of the arch
enlargement occurs 6 months after laterals erupt Maxilla 73.3% (2.57 mm.) of
the arch enlargement occurs as centrals erupt 26.7% (0.93 mm.) of the arch
enlargement occurs as laterals erupt
• Maximum lower arch
enlargement as the permanent incisors erupt:
44. Lewis,
S.J. and Lehman, I.A., 1932 N=21 5.5 mm.
45. Baume, L.J., 1950. N=15 4.6 mm.
• Maximum upper arch
enlargement as the permanent incisors erupt:
46. Lewis,
S.J. and Lehman, I.A., 1932. N=10 7.0 mm.
47. Baume, L.J., 1950 N=12 6.5 mm. 5
• Incidence and
severity of crowding in permanent dentition (#48 & #49).
48. Lundstrom, A., The Significance of Early Loss of Deciduous
Teeth in the Etiology of Malocclusion, Am. J. Ortho.,
41: 819-826, 1955. 82% of crowding in maxilla is 3mm. or less and 90% of
crowding in mandible is 3 mm. or less.
49. Cryer, B.S., 1965. 77.2% of all crowding is in the anterior
segment, while only 22.8% of crowding is in the posterior segment. 82% of mandibular permanent incisal
crowding (in Class I occlusions) is 3 mm. or less. 8.5% have 4 mm. of crowding
and 4.9% have 5 mm. or more.
• Percentage of
children with mandibular crowding (maxillary crowding
in parenth. (#50 - #55):
50. 52.6%
Huber, R.E., and Reynolds, J.W., A Dentofacial Study
of Male Students at the (max. 32.2%)
51. 51%
Barrow, G.V. and White, J.R., 1952. (max. 24%)
52. 50% Lundstrom, A., 1955. (max. 33%)
53. 48.3%
54. 69% Moorrees, C.F.A. and Reed, R.B., Biometrics of Crowding and
Spacing of the Teeth in the Mandible, Am. J., Phys. Anthrop., 12: 77-88,
1954.
55. 51% Seipel, C.M., 1946. (max. 25%)
• Incidence of
Malocclusions (#56 & #57):
56. Lundergan, L.B. Preventative Dentistry and Preventative
Orthodontics Through Public Dental Health Education, Am. J Ortho., 41:
554-564, 1955. 5-6 yrs 17% malocclusion 9-10 yrs53.9% malocclusion 6-7 yrs
17.5% malocclusion 12-13 yrs 55.7% malocclusion 7-8 yrs 31.2% malocclusion
14-15 yrs 65.5% malocclusion 8-9 yrs 49.7% malocclusion
57. Cryer, B.S., 1965. 73.1% of all Class I malocclusions had
crowding. 77.2% of all Class II malocclusions had crowding. 83.9% of all Class
III malocclusions had crowding. 82% of all crowding is less than 3 mm. (N=1000)
58.
Sinclair, P.M. and Little, R.M., Maturation of Untreated
59. Sanin,
C. and Savara, B.S., 1973. Untreated children with no
crowding at 14 years of age had wider arches. Also showed that when permanent
lower molars erupt distally and incisors labially,
there is less tendency for crowded incisors.
B.) Overbite and overjet are predictable from early ages:
60. Methenitou, S., Shein,B.,
Remanathan,G. and Bergersen,
E.O.; The prevention of overbite and overjet development
in the 3 to 8 year old by nighttime guidance of incisal eruption: A study of 43 individuals, J. Clin. Pediat. Dent., 14: 219-230, 1990. Showed a
significant relation between overjet at 2½ years of
age and overbite at 18 years of age in the same untreated individuals. 6
• Overbite increases
about 2 mm. from the primary to the mixed dentition (#61 - #64):
61. 1.75 mm.
N=51 Barrow, G.V. and White, J.R., 1952.
62. 1.64 mm.
N=70-91 Moorrees, C.F.A., 1959.
63. 2.35 mm.
N-38-81 Moyers, R.E., van der
Linden, F.P.G.M., Riolo, M.L. and McNamara, J.A., Jr., Standards of Human Occlusal Development,
Center for Human Growth & Development, Univ. of
64. 1.75 mm.
N=43 Methenitou, S., Shein,
B., Ramanathan, G. and Bergersen,
E.O., 1990.
• Overbite remains
constant from 8 years to adulthood (#65 - 73):
65. Linder,
J., Bimetrische Untersuchunger
des Normalgebisses in Verschiedenen
Lebansaltern. Intermaxillare und Dentofaciale Beziehungen, Inaug. Dissertation, Rheinischen Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universitat,
66. Baurle, J.R., A Longitudinal Study of Incisor Overbite from
Mixed Deciduous Dentition to Age Fifteen, M. S. Thesis,
67. Baume, L.J. 1950.
68. Moorrees, C.F.A., The
Dentition of the Growing Child, 1959.
69. Fleming,
H.B., An Investigation of the Vertical Overbite During the Eruption of the
Permanent Dentition, Angle Ortho., 31: 53-62, 1961.
70. Frohlich, F.J. A Longitudinal Study of
Untreated Class II Type Malocclusions, Tr. Europ.
Ortho. Soc., 37th Congr. 137-151, 1961.
71.
Leighton, B.C., The Early Development of
72. Moyers, R.E., et.al.,
73. Bergersen, E.O., A Longitudinal Study of Anterior Vertical
Overbite from Eight to Twenty Years of Age, Angle Ortho., 58:237-256,
1988.
• Incidence and
severity of overbite and overjet:
74. Luffingham, J.K. and Campbell, H.M., The Need for
Orthodontic Treatment, A Pilot Survey of 14 Year Old School Children in
Paisley, Scotland, Tr. Europ. Ortho.
Soc., 50th Congr.: 259-267. 1974. 76% of overbites were 3 mm. or more, and
68% of overjets were 3 mm. or more.
• Overjet
Remains the Same From the Primary to Permanent Dentition (#75 - #77):
75. Moorrees, C.F.A., The
Dentition of the Growing Child, 1959.
76.
Leighton, B.C., The Early Signs of Malocclusion, Tr.
Europ. Ortho. Soc., 45th
Congr.,
353-368, 1969.
77. Foster,
T.D. and Grundy, M.C., Occlusal Changes from Primary
to Permanent Dentition, Brit. J. Ortho., 13: 187-193, 1986. 7
C.) The molar
relations are predictable from early ages (#78 - 82):
78. Silver,
E.I., Forsyth Orthodontic Survey of Untreated Cases, Am. J. Ortho. and Oral Surg., 30: 635-659,
1944. 80% of Class I occlusions did not improve from deciduous to permanent
dentitions. 76% of Class II occlusions increased severity from deciduous to
permanent dentitions. 89% of Class III occlusions increased severity from
deciduous to permanent dentitions.
79.
Leighton, B.C., 1969. The antero-posterior relation
is constant from deciduous to permanent dentitions.
80. Foster,
T.D. and Grundy, M.C., 1986. Antero-posterior
relation is constant from deciduous to permanent dentitions.
81. Haynes,
S., 1970. At 11-12 years of age, 73.1% had malocclusions. 50.7% had Class I
malocclusions. 19.6% had Class II malocclusions. 2.55% had Class III
malocclusions. 0.76% were unclassifiable.
82. Sillman, J.H., Development of Occlusions: A Serial Study
from Birth to Seven Years, J. Second Dist., Dent. Soc., 31: 153-163,
1945. At 20 months of age when the 1st deciduous molar (upper and lower)
erupt, the prognosis of a malocclusion can be made and the outcome of the molar
relation is predictable.
D.) The arch form and
cross-bites are predictable from early ages (#84 - 85):
83.
Leighton, B.C. 1975. Arch form stays the same from deciduous to permanent
dentitions.
84. Moorrees, C.F.A., 1959. "V" shaped arches remained
the same from 6-7 years to 16-18 years.
85. Benediktssen, E., Uber den Entwicklungsablauf des Gebisses bei der Progenie
und Kreuzbisz, Inaugural Dissertation, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat,
Bonn, 1938. Cross-bites stayed the same 80% of the time.
2. Cases treated at early ages won't
stay, they will relapse and make the cases more complicated at a later age.
Research indicates that early treatment does retain better and is healthier on
the dentition (#86 - 98):
86. Grosfeld, O., Longitudinal Observations of the Development
of Occlusion in Children After Orthodontic Treatment
in the Deciduous Dentition, Tr. Europ. Ortho. Soc., 49th Congr., 251- 258, 1973. In treating with functional appliances
before 6 years of age, 12.3% had relapse and 26.1% had other complications seen
4 years after completion of permanent dentition in 65 children.
87. Gallerno, R.L., Mandibular
Anterior Crowding: A Postretention Study, M.S.D.
Thesis,
88. Little,
R.M., Riedel, R.A. and Artun, J., An Evaluation of
Changes in Mandibular Anterior Alignment From 10 to
20 Years Postretention, Am. J. Ortho.,
93:423-428, 1988. Showed that 90% of cases (N-31) treated with four premolar
extractions (with standard fixed appliances) had relapse to end with
unacceptable mandibular incisal
alignment. 8
89. Little,
R.M., Personal communication. Stated that when cases are started before the
loss of deciduous molars by maintaining the original distal erupted position of
the first permanent molars - these stay better long term than any other cases
by far. Also in those untreated cases that start out with straight teeth at 8 years
- these cases stay straighter long term than any other type cases.
90.
Sinclair, P.M. and Little, R.M., Maturation of Untreated
91. Sanin,
C. and Savara, B.S., 1973. Untreated children with no
crowding at 14 years of age had wider arches. Also showed that when permanent
lower molars erupt distally and incisors labially,
there is less tendency for crowded incisors..
92. Reitan, K., Tissue Behavior During Orthodontic Tooth Movement, Am. J. Ortho. 46:
881-900, 1960. Early treatment before root are fully
formed may prevent relapse due to formation of fibers
after the teeth are straightened.
93. Reitan, K., Tissue Rearrangement During Retention of Orthodontically Rotated Teeth, Angle,Ortho., 29: 105- 113, 1959., Early
treatment before root formed would solve relapse because of fiber
development after straightening. Fibers around root
rearrange first after 28 days, marginal fibers takes
longer than 7.5 months.
94. Reitan, K., Initial Tissue Behavior
During Special Root Resorption, Angle Ortho., 44:
68-82, 1974. Cementoid delays root resorption. Uncalcified predentin is not attacked by resorbing
cells, therefore treatment before root is fully
developed can prevent resorption.
95. Linge, B.O., and Linge, L.,
Apical Root Resorption in Upper Anterior Teeth, Europ. J. Ortho., 5: 173-183, 1983. Treating at earlier ages with incomplete root formation
reduces risk of root resorption. Functional appliances
had half of the resorption that fixed appliances had.
Especially risky are Class II elastics, edgewise fixed appliances and
pre-treatment signs of resorption.
96. Stenvak, A., Pulp and Dentine Reactions to Experimental
Tooth Intrusion, Tr. Eruop. Ortho.
Soc., 45th Congr., 449-464, 1969. Depressing mature teeth causes scar tissue
to form and does not completely repair itself if root end is mature. Roots with
open apical foramen did not experience damage and recuperated rapidly.
97. Linge, L. and Linge, B.O.,
Patient Characteristics and Treatment Variables Associated with Apical Root Resorption During Orthodontic Treatment, Am. J. Ortho.,
99: 35-43, 1991. Activators don't cause root resorption.
Risk of root resorption lessened whenever fixed phase
is reduced with little use of Class II elastics and reduced use of fixed
appliances and heavy wires.
98.
Rosenberg, M.N., An Evaluation of the Incidence and Amount of Apical Root Resorption and Delaceration Occurring
in Orthodontically Treated Teeth Having Incompletely
Formed Roots at the Beginning of Begg treatment, Am.
J. Ortho., 61: 524-525, 1972. Teeth with incomplete root ends will develop
normal roots when active orthodontics is done and will have less root resorption when compared to teeth with completely formed
roots. 9
3. Most malocclusions at early ages
will self-correct, making early intervention useless. Studies show that early
malocclusions do not usually self-correct (#99 - 102):
99. Sanin,
C., and Savara, B.S., Factors That Affect the
Alignment of the Mandibular Incisors: A Longitudinal Study,
Am. J. Ortho., 64: 248-249, 1973. 82% of straight incisors at 8 years of
age were straight at 14 , while 89% of crowded
incisors at 8 years were crowded at 14.
100.
Heckman, U., A Longitudinal Study of Dental Development in 82 Children from
Birth to 12 Years of Age, Trans.Europ. Ortho. Soc., 49th Congr., 259-265, 1973. Crowding did not improve from 6 to 12
years of age.
101. Barrow,
G.V. and White, J.R., 1952. If no spaces in deciduous dentition - 69% had
permanent crowding. 37% had increase in mandibular crowding
6 to 14 years of age. 24% had increase in maxillary crowding 6 to 14 years of
age.
102. Sillman, J.H., Clinical Considerations of Occlusion, Am.
J. Ortho., 42: 658-682, 1956. 75% of poor occlusions in permanent
dentitions had poor deciduous dentitions. 89% of good occlusions in permanent
dentitions had good deciduous dentitions.
• Incidence of
crowding increases from the deciduous to the permanent dentition (#103 - 113):
103. Seipel, C.M., Variation in Tooth Position, Svensk Tandlakare-Tidschr.,
Vol. 39, Suppl., 1946. Indicated
that deciduous crowding was present in 10.6% of cases.
104. Barrow,
G.V. and White, J.R. 1952. Indicated deciduous crowding to be
14.0%.
105.
Heckman, U., 1973. Indicated deciduous crowding to be 3.7%.
• Permanent Crowding
Incidence:
106. Sodermans, H., Uber den Ablauf der Gebissentwicklung
bei Kompressionsanomalien, Deutsche
Zahn-Mund. und Kieferheilk., 6: 194-206, 422-439, 1939. Indicated upper permanent crowding to be 67%.
107. Seipel, C.M. 1946. Indicated permanent lower crowding to be
61% while upper was 25%.
108. Barrow,
G.V., and White, J.R., 1952. Indicated permanent mandibular
crowding to be 51%, maxillary crowding is 24%.
109. Cryer, B.S., Lower Arch Changes During
the Early Teens, Trans. Europ. Orthod. Soc., 41st Congr.,
87-99, 1965. Indicated permanent lower crowding to be 75.8%.
110. Haynes,
S., The Prevalence of Malocclusion in English Children Aged 11 - 12 years, Trans
Europ. Ortho. Soc., 46th
Congr.,
89-98, 1970. Indicated permanent crowding to be 79.6% in
Class I malocclusions.
111.
Heckman, U., 1973. Indicated permanent crowding to be 28.0%.
112. Lundergan, L.B. Preventative Dentistry and Preventative
Orthodontics Through Public Dental Health Education, Am. J. Ortho., 41:
554-564, 1955. 5-6 yrs 17% malocclusion 9-10 yrs53.9% malocclusion 6-7 yrs 17.5%
malocclusion 12-13 yrs 55.7% malocclusion 7-8 yrs 31.2% malocclusion 14-15 yrs
65.5% malocclusion 8-9 yrs 49.7% malocclusion
113. Methenitou, S., Shein, B., Remanathan, G. and Bergersen,
E.O., The Prevention of Overbite and Overjet Development in the 3 to 8 Year Old by Nighttime Guidance of Incisal
Eruption: A Study of 43 Individuals, J. Clin. Pediat.
Dent., 14: 219-230, 1990. 10 Showed a significant relation between overjet at 2½ years of age and overbite at 18 years of age
in the same untreated individuals. Can prevent overbite from
developing by retarding the overeruption of the
maxillary permanent incisors.
. Overbite increases
about 2mm from the primary of the mixed dentition (#114 - 117):
114. 1.75
mm. N=51 Barrow, G.V. and White, J.R., 1952.
115. 1.64
mm. N=70-91 Moorrees, C.F.A., 1959.
116. 2.35
mm. N-38-81 Moyers, R.E., van der
Linden, F.P.G.M., Riolo, M.L. and McNamara, J.A., Jr., Standards of Human Occlusal Development,
Center for Human Growth & Development, Univ. of
117. 1.75
mm. N=43 Methenitou, S., Shein,
B., Ramanathan, G. and Bergersen,
E.O., 1990.
• Overbite remains
constant from 8 years to adulthood (#118 - 126):
118. Linder,
J., Bimetrische Untersuchunger
des Normalgebisses in Verschiedenen
Lebansaltern. Intermaxillare und Dentofaciale Beziehungen, Inaug. Dissertation, Rheinischen Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universitat,
119. Baurle, J.R., A Longitudinal Study of Incisor Overbite from
Mixed Deciduous Dentition to Age Fifteen, M. S. Thesis,
120. Baume, L.J. 1950.
121. Moorrees, C.F.A., The
Dentition of the Growing Child, 1959.
122.
Fleming, H.B., An Investigation of the Vertical Overbite During the Eruption of
the Permanent Dentition, Angle Ortho., 31: 53-62, 1961.
123. Frohlich, F.J., A Longitudinal Study of Untreated Class II
Type Malocclusions, Tr. Europ. Ortho.
Soc., 37th.
Congr.
137-151, 1961.
124.
Leighton, B.C., The Early Development of
125. Moyers, R.E., et.al.,
126. Bergersen, E.O., A Longitudinal Study of Anterior Vertical
Overbite from Eight to Twenty Years of Age, Angle Ortho., 58:237-256,
1988.
• Overjet
remains constant from the primary to the permanent dentition (#127 - 129):
127. Moorrees, C.F.A., The
Dentition of the Growing Child, 1959.
128.
Leighton, B.C., The Early Signs of Malocclusion, Tr.
Europ. Ortho. Soc., 45th. Congr.,
353-368, 1969.
129. Foster,
T.D. and Grundy, M.C., Occlusal Changes from Primary
to Permanent Dentition, Brit. J. Ortho., 13: 187-193, 1986.
• Molar Relations
remain the same or get worse from the primary to the permanent dentition
(#130-133):
130. Silver,
E.I., Forsyth Orthodontic Survey of Untreated Cases, Am. J. Ortho. and Oral Surg., 30: 635-659,
1944. 80% of Class I occlusions did not improve from deciduous to permanent
dentitions. 11 76% of Class II occlusions increased severity from deciduous to
permanent dentitions. 89% of Class III occlusions increased severity from
deciduous to permanent dentitions.
131.
Leighton, B.C., 1969. Antero-posterior relation is
constant from deciduous to permanent dentitions.
132. Foster,
T.D. and Grundy, M.C., 1986. Antero-posterior relation
is constant from deciduous to permanent dentitions.
133. Sillman, J.H., Development of Occlusions: A Serial Study
from Birth to Seven Years, J. Second Dist., Dent. Soc., 31: 153-163,
1945. At 20 months of age when the 1st deciduous molar (upper and lower)
erupt, the prognosis of a malocclusion can be made and the outcome of the molar
relation is predictable.
• Incidence of TMJ
symptoms usually increase with age (#134 - 141):
134. 21.1%
3-5 yrs of age Bernal, M. and Tsantsouris, A., Signs
and Symptoms of Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction
in 3 to 5 Year Old Children, J. Pedo.,
10: 127-140, 1986.
135. 56% 6-8
yrs of age Grosfeld, O. and Czarnecka,
B., Musculo-articular Disorders of the Stomatognathic System in Schoolchildren Examined According
to Clinical Criteria, J. Oral Rehabil., 4:
193-200, 1977.
136. 33% 7
yrs of age Egermark-Eriksson,
137. 46% 11 yrs of age Egermark-Eriksson,
138. 61% 15 yrs of age Egermark-Eriksson,
139. 68%
13-15 yrs of age Grosfeld, O. and Czarnecka,
B., 1977.
140. 56% 17
yrs of age Wenman, A. and Agerberg,
G., Two Year Longitudinal Study of Signs of Mandibular
Dysfunction in Adolescents, Acta Odont. Scand., 44: 333-342, 1986.
141. 74%
15-18 yrs of age Nilner, M., Relationship Between
Oral Parafunctions and Functional Disturbances in the
Stomotognathic System Among 15 to 18 Year Olds, Acta Odont. Scand.,
41: 197-201, 1983.
• Incidence of TMJ
Clicking Sounds usually increase with age (#142-144):
142. 5% 3-5
yrs of age Bernal, M. and Tsantsouris, A., 1986.
143. 10% 6-8
yrs of age Grosfeld, O. and Czarnecka,
B., 1977.
144. 20%
13-15 yrs of age Grosfeld, O. and Czarnecka,
B., 1977.
• Importance of early
detection of TMJ problems:
145.
Sanchez-Woodworth, R.E., Katzberg, R.W., Tallents, R.H. and Guay, J.A.,
Radiographic assessment of temporomandibular joint
pain and dysfunction in the pediatric age group, J.
Dent. for Childr.,
55:278-281, 1988. In children (N=150) from 7 to 16 years of age with TMJ
problems 37% had degenerative arthritis and 46% had meniscal
displacement without reduction.
• Gingival tissue
effects with increasing age (#146-157)12
146. Poulton, D.R. and
147. Kalamkarova,
148. Ramfjord, S.P. and Major, M.A., Jr.,
Significance of Occlusion in the Etiology and
Treatment of Early, Moderate, and Advanced Periodontitis,
J. Period., 52: 511-517, 1981. Mouth breathing and severe protrusion of
teeth causes periodontal problems.
149. Waerhang, J., Eruption of Teeth into Crowded Position, Loss
of Attachment, and Downgrowth of Subgingival
Plaque, Am. J. Ortho., 78: 453-459, 1980. Found downgrowth
of subgingival plaque on erupting crowded teeth.
150. Sandoli, T., Irregularities of the Teeth and Their Relation
to the Periodontal Condition with Particular Rererence
to the Lower Labial Segment, Tr. Eruop. Ortho. Soc., 49th Congr., 319-333, 1973. Irregularity and crowding of lower
incisors is associated with loss of gingival tissue.
151. Sharpe,
W., Relationship of Relapse to Apical Root Resorption
and Alveolar Crestal Bone Levels, Am. J. Ortho.,
88: 526, 1985. Cases with lower anterior crowding relapse have greater root resorption and lower alveolar crestal
bone.
152. Dermant, L.R. and DeMunck, A.,
Apical Root Resorption of Upper Incisors Caused by
Intrusive Tooth Movement: A Radiographic Study, Am. J. Ortho., 90:
321-326, 1986. Intrusion caused root resorption of 18%
with 3.6 mm. of intrusion and 2.5 mm. resorption.
153.
154. Artun, J. and Krogstad, O.,
Periodontal Status of Mandibular Incisors Following
Excessive Proclination, Am. J. Ortho., 91:
225-232, 1987. The thinness of the mandibular symphisis is correlated with an increase in clinical crown
height with gingival recession.
155.
Kennedy, D.B., Joondeph, D.R., Osterberg,
S.K. and Little, R.M., The Effect of Extraction and Orthodontic Treatment on Dentoalveolar Support, Am. J. Ortho., 84: 183-190,
1983. Teeth displaced during eruption had more long-term proximal bone loss
than normal erupting teeth.
156.
Position Paper of American Academy of Periodontology,
Periodontal Diseases of Children and Adolescents, J. Periodont.,
67: 57-62, 1966. Children 5-11 years have up to 9% loss of periodontal
attachment and bone support; 12-15 years have up to 46%. Generalized juvenile periodontis, consisting of marked
inflamation and heavy plaque and calculus,
begins at or around puberty. 157. Tala, H., Community
Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs in Finland, Int. D. J., 37: 179-182, 1987.
(CIPTN) from Ainamo - 6 sextants are measured and
there are 6 categories, namely, supragingival calculus,
subgingival calculus, pocket 4 to 5 mm., pocket of 6+
mm., bleeding after probing, recession (now eliminated). 43% of 7 year olds had
healthy gingival tissue and, rather consistantly
dropped so that by 12 years only 27% had healthy tissues.
4. No proof it works on the specific
children of that country, such as
In
statement is really quite unbelievable. A
preformed positioner which is the adult version of
the
Nite-Guide® has been used in
5. Orthodontics is simply too
complicated for early treatment to work and so it must be done at a later age.
Research shows that treatment at early ages takes less time and teeth move more
easily with fewer complications.13
158. Methenitou, S., Shein, B., Remanathan, G. and Bergersen,
E.O., The Prevention of Overbite and Overjet Development in the 3 to 8 Year Old by Nighttime Guidance of Incisal
Eruption: A Study of 43 Individuals, J. Clin. Pediat.
Dent., 14: 219-230, 1990. Can prevent overbite from developing by retarding
the overeruption of the maxillary permanent incisors
with only hour of passive wear, as the child gets older it takes more and more
force to obtain similar results.
159. Bergersen, E.O., Preventive and interceptive orthodontics
in the mixed dentition with the myofunctional eruption
guidance appliance: Correction of crowding, spacing, rotations, crossbites and TMJ, J. Pedodont.,
12:386-414, 1988. Showed results of early correction and the differences of
forces required at various ages.
160. Bergersen, E.O., Preventative Eruption Guidance in the 5 to
7 Year Old, J. Clin. Ortho., 29: 382-395, 1995. Shows the finished results of potentially compromised deciduous
dentitions.
• Open bite and tongue
thrust effects with increasing age is similar to early age requirements for
learning language skills (#161 - 165):
161. Ramsay,
C. and Wright, E., J. Soc. Psych., 94:115-121, 1974.
162. Payne,
A., Locating Language in Time and Space, Acad. Press, N.Y. 1980.
163. Tahta, S., Wood, M. and Loewenthal,
K., Lang. & Speech, 24:265-272, 1981.
164.
165. Long,
M., Masturational Contstraints
on Language Development, Univ. of
• Language skills
learned 4-10 years of age when cerebum is plastic and
receptive:
166. Pennfield, W., The
Second Career, Little Brown,
• Development of
foreign accents at 10 years of age when cerebral neuroplasticity
is lost:
167. Lenneberg, E., Biological Foundations of Language,
Wiley, NY, 1967.
• Root resorption problems with increasing age (#168 - 174):
168. Reitan, K., Tissue Behavior During Orthodontic Tooth Movement, Am. J. Ortho. 46:
881-900, 1960. Early treatment before root fully formed may prevent relapse due
to formation of fibers.
169. Reitan, K., Tissue Rearrangement During Retention of Orthodontically Rotated Teeth, Angle, Ortho., 29: 105-113, 1959. Early
treatment before root formed would solve relapse because of fiber
development. Fibers around root rearrange first after
28 days, marginal fibers takes longer than 7.5
months.
170. Reitan, K., Initial Tissue Behavior
During Special Root Resorption, Angle Ortho., 44:
68-82, 1974. Cementoid delays root resorption. Uncalcified predentin is not attacked by resorbing
cells, therefore treatment before root is fully
developed can prevent resporption.
171. Linge, B.O., and Linge, L.,
Apical Root Resorption in Upper Anterior Teeth, Europ. J. Ortho., 5: 173-183, 1983. Treating
at earlier ages with incomplete root formation reduces risk of root resorption. Functional appliances had half of the resorption that fixed appliances had. Especially risky are
Class II elastics, edgewise fixed appliances and pre-treatment signs of resorption.
172. Stenvak, A., Pulp and Dentine Reactions to Experimental
Tooth Intrusion, Tr. Eruop. Ortho.
Soc., 45th
Congr., 449-464, 1969.
Depressing mature teeth causes scar
tissue to form and does not completely repair itself if root end is
mature. Roots with open apical foramen did
not experience damage and recuperated rapidly.
173 Linge, L. and Linge, B.O.,
Patient Characteristics and Treatment Variables Associated with Apical Root Resorption During Orthodontic Treatment, Am. J. Ortho.,
99: 35-43, 1991. Activators don't cause root resorption.
Risk of root resorption lessened whenever fixed phase
is reduced with little use of Class II elastics and reduced use of fixed and
heavy wires. 14
174.
Rosenberg, M.N., An Evaluation of the Incidence and Amount of Apical Root Resorption and Delaceration Occurring
in Orthodontically Treated Teeth Having Incompletely
Formed Roots at the Beginning of Begg Treatment, Am.
J. Ortho., 61: 524-525, 1972. Teeth with incomplete root ends will develop
normal roots when active orthodontics is done and will have less root resorption when compared to teeth with completely formed
roots.
6. Such early treatment has risk of
causing (a) TMJ problems (b) root resorption (c)
growth problems (d) will tip teeth only (e)
periodontal problems.
(a) Early treatment
reduces risk of TMJ problems (#175 - 180):
175. Bergersen, E.O., Preventive and interceptive orthodontics
in the mixed dentition with the myofunctional
eruption guidance appliance: Correction of crowding, spacing, rotations, crossbites and TMJ, J. Pedodont.,
12:386-414, 1988.
176.
Solberg, W.K., Bibb, C.A., Nordstrom, D.B. and Hansson, T.L., Malocclusion Associated with temporomandibular Joint Changes in Young Adults at Antopsy, Am. J. Ortho, 89: 328-330, 1986. Overbite
and overjet is associated with disk damage and damage
increases with exposure (age).
177. Riolo, M.L., Brandt, D. and TenHave,
T.R., Associations Between Occlusal Characteristics
and Signs and Symptoms of TMJ Dysfunction in Children and Young Adults, Am.
J. Ortho., 92: 467-477, 1987. Almost all malocclusions associated with TMJ
problems and increases with age.
178.
Lieberman, M.A., Gazit, E., Fuchs, C., and Lilos, P., Mandibular Dysfunction
in 10 to 18 Year Old School Children as Related to Morphological Malocclusion, J.
Oral Rehabil., 12: 209-214, 1985. Abnormal
overbites and occlusal wear are related to joint
problems in 369 children.
179. Methenitou, S. et al, 1990. Shows
reduction of overbite and overjet at early eage which reduces risk of TMJ problems.
180. Bergersen, E.O., Preventative Eruption Guidance in the 5 to
7 Year Old, J. Clin. Ortho., 29: 382-395, 1995. Shows the finished results of potentially compromised deciduous
dentitions and its effect in reducing the risks of developing TMJ problems
caused by overbite, overjet, and improper intercuspation.
(b) Early treatment
reduces risk of relapse.
181. Reitan, K., Initial Tissue Behavior During Special Root Resorption, Angle Ortho.